Manejo de vertimientos generados por una industria de betunes mediante procesos de precipitación química con bentonita
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2014
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Universidad de La Salle. Facultad de Ingeniería. Ingeniería Ambiental y Sanitaria
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La industria del betún genera aguas residuales con altos contenidos en DQO que pueden variar entre 2000 y 6000 mg/L, originando diversos impactos negativos al medio ambiente, en especial al recurso hídrico. Como medio regulador de este tipo de acciones, las entidades competentes a nivel de Bogotá han señalado que los vertimientos de tipo industrial deben reducir las concentraciones en DQO a un valor de 1500 mg/L según los límites permisibles hacia el alcantarillado mencionados en la resolución 3957 de 2009, a nivel Distrital, siendo Bogotá D.C el contexto de este proyecto. La realización de este trabajo tiene como fin evaluar la eficiencia de remoción en DQO por medio de la técnica de precipitación química, utilizando interacciones entre la bentonita y el peróxido de hidrógeno (en combinación y separados) previa adición de cloruro de calcio, para identificar la mejor alternativa de remoción de la carga contaminante. En las fases de preexperimentación y de experimentación se realizaron en el laboratorio de Ingeniería Ambiental y Sanitaria de la Universidad de la Salle. Los resultados obtenidos durante las pruebas desarrolladas sirvieron como soporte para trabajar el modo estadístico de análisis de varianza (ANOVA), en el que se utilizó el Software SPSS "Statistical Product and Service Solutions" (Pardo, A., & Ruiz, M.A., 2002, p. 3) versión 20, con el cual se efectuó el análisis descriptivo calculando medidas de tendencia central y medidas de dispersión. El modelo empleado da la posibilidad de realizar interacciones, en las que para el presente trabajo se consideraron como variables el pH, con un rango entre 6 a 10 unidades y tiempos de reacción entre 20 a 60 minutos. Los resultados concluyen que el sistema propuesto muestra la mejor alternativa teniendo en cuenta la adición de bentonita a pH 10 y 40 minutos de tiempo de reacción de mezcla. De acuerdo a lo anterior, se determinó un diseño técnico y económicamente viable, como una propuesta útil para la industria del betún, de tal manera que se cumpliera con las concentraciones máximas permisibles de contaminantes en el vertimiento al alcantarillado público en la ciudad de Bogotá
The bitumen industry generates wastewater with high COD concentrations, between 2000 and 6000 mg / L, causing a variety of negative impacts on the environment, especially on the water resource. As a regulating means of such actions, the competent authorities in Bogota have indicated that the industrial discharges should reduce concentrations to a COD value of 1500 mg/L according to the permissible limits to the sewer mentioned on Resolution 3957 of 2009, for Bogotá D.C, which is the context of this project. The completion of this work aims to evaluate the COD removal efficiency by the chemical precipitation technique using bentonite interactions and hydrogen peroxide (combined and separate) with previous addition of calcium chloride in order to identify the best alternative for the removal of the pollution load. The pre-experimentation and experimentation phases were performed at the University of La Salle environmental and sanitary laboratory. The results obtained during the test were the support to work out the statistical model, analysis of variance (ANOVA), using the SPSS software "Statistical Product and Service Solutions" ( Pardo, A., & Ruiz, M.A., 2002 , p. 3) version 20 with which the descriptive analysis was carried out by calculating central tendency and dispersion measurements. The model used gives the possibility of developing interactions, in which for the present project the values considered were pH, with a range of 6-10 units and reaction times between 20 to 60 minutes. The results conclude that the proposed system shows the best alternative considering the addition of bentonite at pH 10 and 40 minutes of reaction mixing time. According to the above, a technical and economically feasible design was determined, as a useful proposal for the bitumen industry, so that it may meet the maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants discharged into the public sewer in the city of Bogotá
The bitumen industry generates wastewater with high COD concentrations, between 2000 and 6000 mg / L, causing a variety of negative impacts on the environment, especially on the water resource. As a regulating means of such actions, the competent authorities in Bogota have indicated that the industrial discharges should reduce concentrations to a COD value of 1500 mg/L according to the permissible limits to the sewer mentioned on Resolution 3957 of 2009, for Bogotá D.C, which is the context of this project. The completion of this work aims to evaluate the COD removal efficiency by the chemical precipitation technique using bentonite interactions and hydrogen peroxide (combined and separate) with previous addition of calcium chloride in order to identify the best alternative for the removal of the pollution load. The pre-experimentation and experimentation phases were performed at the University of La Salle environmental and sanitary laboratory. The results obtained during the test were the support to work out the statistical model, analysis of variance (ANOVA), using the SPSS software "Statistical Product and Service Solutions" ( Pardo, A., & Ruiz, M.A., 2002 , p. 3) version 20 with which the descriptive analysis was carried out by calculating central tendency and dispersion measurements. The model used gives the possibility of developing interactions, in which for the present project the values considered were pH, with a range of 6-10 units and reaction times between 20 to 60 minutes. The results conclude that the proposed system shows the best alternative considering the addition of bentonite at pH 10 and 40 minutes of reaction mixing time. According to the above, a technical and economically feasible design was determined, as a useful proposal for the bitumen industry, so that it may meet the maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants discharged into the public sewer in the city of Bogotá
Palabras clave
Industria de la bentonita, Industria del calzado - Aspectos ambientales, Control ambiental, Residuos industriales